Commentary: The renowned legal minds of 7th Circuit judges Frank Easterbrook and Richard Posner have clashed again, this time over the validity and applicability of the Gartenberg approach to claims of excessive mutual fund management fees. Judge Easterbrook, currently chief judge of the 7th Circuit, served on the panel that issued a per curiam opinion in Jones v. Harris Associates, 527 F.3d 627 (7th Cir. 2008) on May 19, 2008. In that case, the judicial panel dismissed the Gartenberg standard that has been relied upon by courts, practitioners and fund managers for more than 25 years. More...

Commentary: Jerry N. Jones v. Harris Associates, 527 F.3d 627 (7th Cir. 2008), was one of about a dozen cases brought in 2003 and early 2004 based on the “excessive fee” provisions of the Investment Company Act of 1940. In the case, a group of individual investors claimed that Harris Associates, manager of the Oakmark funds, charged excessive fees to individual investors in violation of the Act. The Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed the lower court’s judgment dismissing the claims against Harris Associates, holding that the market, not the judiciary, should determine manager fees. The mutual fund industry celebrates the decision, which will likely make it harder for investors to challenge funds’ investment-advisory fees as excessive. More...

Commentary: At the heart of these two consolidated cases is the clear, admitted, egregious fraud perpetrated by employees of a subsidiary of the Tribune Company. The plaintiffs in both cases (a securities case and an ERISA case) tried to extend liability for those fraudulent acts up through the corporate ranks of the Tribune Company, arguing that higher-ups knew or should have known of the fraud while it was happening. Unfortunately for the plaintiffs, their allegations were based primarily on conclusory statements, speculative inferences and tenuous links. Their cases were dismissed with prejudice early in the litigation, and the 7th Circuit affirmed those dismissals, as discussed below. There has been, and still is, a split among jurisdictions as to the proper standard for proving corporate scienter for purposes of corporate liability under Section 10(b) of the 1934 Act. In Pugh, the 7th Circuit dismisses the collective scienter approach relied upon by a minority of courts and applies the more traditional, majority rule requiring individual scienter by officials who contributed to the public statements at issue in some meaningful way. Also, notably, in Pugh, the 7th Circuit became the first federal court to apply the U.S. Supreme Court’s ruling regarding scheme liability in Stoneridge Investment Partners LLC v. Scientific-Atlanta Inc., 128 S.Ct. 761 (2008). More...

Commentary: The analysis and conclusions reached by the California appellate court in Consolidated Management Group v. Dept. of Corporations, ___ Cal. Rptr. 3d___, 2008 WL 1850310 (Cal. App. 1st 2008), are not necessarily new. But rarely has an opinion so thoroughly and effectively laid out the prevailing law and its application. In Consolidated, the California appellate court analyzes two issues: 1) whether federal law preempts the California Department of Corporations’ authority to issue a desist and refrain order against the appellants, and 2) whether the interests being sold by the appellants were “securities” for purposes of being covered by the applicable laws. More...